HỌC NHANH NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH / Ngữ Pháp Trình Độ B1

1️⃣ KHÁI NIỆM

Reported Speech (Câu tường thuật) là cách thuật lại lời nói của người khác mà không nhắc nguyên văn (Direct Speech). 👉 Khi tường thuật, ta thường lùi thì (backshift) và thay đổi đại từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian & nơi chốn cho phù hợp.

Ví dụ:
Direct: She said, “I am tired.”
Reported: She said she was tired.

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2️⃣ CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢN

Loại câu	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Câu khẳng định	S + said (that) + S + V (lùi thì)	He said (that) he was busy.
Câu hỏi Yes/No	S + asked + if / whether + S + V (lùi thì)	She asked if I wanted some coffee.
Câu hỏi WH-	S + asked + WH-word + S + V (lùi thì)	He asked where I lived.
Câu mệnh lệnh / yêu cầu	S + told / asked + O + (not) + to + V	He told me to sit down. She asked me not to be late.

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3️⃣ QUY TẮC LÙI THÌ (BACKSHIFT)

Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ (said, told, asked...), động từ trong mệnh đề được lùi lại một thì:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
am / is / are →	was / were
V (hiện tại đơn) →	V₂ (quá khứ đơn)
V₂ / V-ed →	had + V₃
will →	would
can →	could
may →	might
must →	had to

📘 Ví dụ:
Direct: “I am tired.” → Reported: She said she was tired.
Direct: “We will go tomorrow.” → Reported: They said they would go the next day.

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4️⃣ THAY ĐỔI ĐẠI TỪ & TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN / NƠI CHỐN

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
today	that day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
now	then
ago	before
this / these	that / those
here	there
next week	the following week
last year	the previous year

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5️⃣ CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT CHÍNH

🟩 A. Reported Statements (Câu trần thuật)

• Cấu trúc: S + said (that) + S + V (lùi thì)
• Ví dụ:
  “I like this book,” she said. → She said (that) she liked that book.
  “We are tired,” they said. → They said they were tired.

🟩 B. Reported Questions

• Yes/No questions:
  “Do you like coffee?” → He asked if I liked coffee.
  “Is it raining?” → She asked whether it was raining.
• WH- questions:
  “Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.
  “What are you doing?” → She asked what I was doing.

🟩 C. Reported Commands / Requests

• Cấu trúc: S + told / asked + O + (not) + to + V
• Ví dụ:
  “Sit down, please.” → The teacher told us to sit down.
  “Don’t be late!” → She told me not to be late.

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6️⃣ KHÔNG CẦN LÙI THÌ KHI:

• Câu gốc ở hiện tại đơn hoặc vẫn còn đúng ở hiện tại.
  ➜ She says she likes music. (Vẫn đúng, không cần lùi thì.)
• Khi sự thật không thay đổi (facts / general truths).
  ➜ “The sun rises in the east.” → He said the sun rises in the east.

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7️⃣ VÍ DỤ NÂNG CAO (B1)

• Direct: “I can’t come to the party.” → Reported: She said she couldn’t come to the party.
• Direct: “We have finished our work.” → Reported: They said they had finished their work.
• Direct: “I’m watching TV,” he said. → Reported: He said he was watching TV.
• Direct: “Will you help me?” → Reported: She asked if I would help her.
• Direct: “Don’t touch it!” → Reported: He told me not to touch it.

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8️⃣ MINI BẢNG TỔNG HỢP

Loại câu	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Statement	“I work here.”	He said he worked there.
Yes/No Question	“Do you like tea?”	She asked if I liked tea.
WH- Question	“Where are you from?”	He asked where I was from.
Command	“Open the window!”	He told me to open the window.
Negative Command	“Don’t talk!”	She told me not to talk.

💡 MẸO GHI NHỚ NHANH

• say + that → tường thuật chung (không có tân ngữ).
  → She said (that) she was happy.
• tell + O + that → khi có tân ngữ.
  → She told me (that) she was happy.
• ask + if / whether → cho câu hỏi Yes/No.
  → He asked if I liked pizza.
• ask + WH-word → cho câu hỏi có từ để hỏi.
  → He asked where I lived.
• Không dùng dấu ngoặc kép trong câu tường thuật.

📘 Tổng kết:
✅ Lùi thì đúng.
✅ Đổi đại từ và trạng từ thời gian.
✅ Không dùng dấu ngoặc kép.
✅ Dùng cấu trúc phù hợp với loại câu (statement / question / command).