Tense Shifts in Reported Speech (Chuyển đổi thì trong câu tường thuật) là quy tắc thay đổi thì động từ khi ta chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp (Direct Speech) sang lời nói gián tiếp (Reported/Indirect Speech). Mục đích là để đảm bảo sự phù hợp về thời gian (time reference) giữa lời nói và thời điểm tường thuật.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech (Lùi thì) | Ví dụ (Example) |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | He said, “I study English.” → He said (that) he studied English. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | She said, “I am reading.” → She said (that) she was reading. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | He said, “I have finished.” → He said (that) he had finished. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | She said, “I have been waiting.” → She said (that) she had been waiting. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | He said, “I saw her.” → He said (that) he had seen her. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | She said, “I was cooking.” → She said (that) she had been cooking. |
| Future Simple (will) | would | He said, “I will call you.” → He said (that) he would call me. |
| Future Continuous | would be + V-ing | She said, “I will be studying.” → She said (that) she would be studying. |
| Future Perfect | would have + V3 | He said, “I will have finished.” → He said (that) he would have finished. |
Rule: Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ (said, told, explained...), thì mệnh đề tường thuật phải lùi thì một bậc.
Ví dụ:
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| now | then |
| ago | before |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| here | there |
| next week | the following week |
| last year | the previous year |
Example:
Direct: “I’ll go there tomorrow.” → Reported: He said he would go there the next day.
| Lỗi sai | Sửa đúng | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|
| He said he is tired. | He said he was tired. | Động từ tường thuật ở quá khứ → cần lùi thì. |
| She told me she will come. | She told me she would come. | “will” → “would” khi lùi thì. |
| He said he has finished. | He said he had finished. | Present Perfect → Past Perfect. |
| They said they are working. | They said they were working. | Present Continuous → Past Continuous. |
| She said the Earth was round. | She said the Earth is round. | Sự thật hiển nhiên → không cần lùi thì. |
| Thì trực tiếp | Thì gián tiếp | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | He said he studied. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | She said she was reading. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | He said he had finished. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | She said she had seen it. |
| Will | Would | He said he would go. |
| Can | Could | She said she could help. |
| May | Might | He said he might come. |
| Must | Had to | She said she had to leave. |
Tóm lại:
✅ Lùi thì 1 bậc khi tường thuật trong quá khứ.
✅ Giữ nguyên thì nếu sự thật vẫn đúng hoặc mang tính phổ quát.
✅ Chú ý chuyển đổi từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
➡️ “Will → Would, Is → Was, Have → Had” là ba quy tắc cơ bản nhất để nhớ nhanh.
| 1 d) | 2 c) | 3 c) | 4 b) | 5 b) | 6 c) | 7 a) | 8 d) | 9 c) | 10 a) |
| 11 b) | 12 b) | 13 a) | 14 c) | 15 d) | 16 d) | 17 c) | 18 d) | 19 c) | 20 b) |
| 21 c) | 22 b) | 23 d) | 24 d) | 25 c) | 26 a) | 27 d) | 28 d) | 29 a) | 30 a) |
| 31 d) | 32 b) | 33 b) | 34 b) | 35 a) | 36 b) | 37 d) | 38 a) | 39 b) | 40 a) |
| 41 d) | 42 c) | 43 b) | 44 b) | 45 b) | 46 a) | 47 a) | 48 a) | 49 c) | 50 d) |
| 51 b) | 52 b) | 53 c) | 54 d) | 55 a) | 56 d) | 57 c) | 58 a) | 59 a) | 60 b) |
| 61 b) | 62 a) | 63 b) | 64 b) | 65 a) | 66 a) | 67 c) | 68 a) | 69 b) | 70 a) |
| 71 c) | 72 d) | 73 c) | 74 a) | 75 d) | 76 a) | 77 c) | 78 c) | 79 b) | 80 a) |
| 81 d) | 82 d) | 83 d) | 84 d) | 85 b) | 86 d) | 87 d) | 88 b) | 89 d) | 90 d) |
| 91 b) | 92 c) | 93 a) | 94 c) | 95 d) | 96 d) | 97 d) | 98 c) | 99 d) | 100 c) |