Trong bài viết học thuật (essay, report, hoặc formal writing), linking devices – hay còn gọi là từ nối / cụm từ nối – giúp câu văn mạch lạc, liên kết ý rõ ràng, và thể hiện tư duy logic. 👉 Ở trình độ B2–C1, người học cần nắm vững Academic Linking Devices để viết bài có tính chuyên nghiệp và tự nhiên hơn.
Ví dụ:
I didn’t go out. Instead, I stayed home and studied.
He worked very hard. Consequently, he passed the exam.
| Chức năng | Từ / Cụm từ nối học thuật | Ví dụ minh họa |
|---|---|---|
| ➕ Bổ sung (Addition) | in addition, moreover, furthermore, besides, also, what’s more, as well as, not only … but also |
He speaks English fluently. Moreover, he can write very well. In addition to English, she studies French. |
| 🔁 So sánh (Comparison) | similarly, likewise, in the same way | The first study shows similar results. Likewise, the second supports the same idea. |
| ⚖️ Tương phản (Contrast) | however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, whereas, while, although, even though |
The results were good. However, more research is needed. On the contrary, some experts disagree with this view. |
| ➡️ Nguyên nhân – Kết quả (Cause & Effect) | therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, for this reason, hence, due to, owing to, because of |
The data were incomplete. Therefore, the conclusion is uncertain. Due to the high cost, many people chose not to buy it. |
| 💬 Ví dụ minh họa (Examples) | for example, for instance, such as, namely, in particular, to illustrate |
Many people enjoy outdoor activities, such as hiking and camping. For instance, the experiment proved the theory correct. |
| 🕐 Trình tự / Thứ tự (Sequence / Ordering) | first(ly), second(ly), next, then, finally, subsequently, afterwards, to begin with, in conclusion | Firstly, we will analyze the data. Then, we will draw a conclusion. |
| 🎯 Mục đích (Purpose) | in order to, so as to, so that, for the purpose of, with the aim of |
He studied hard in order to pass the test. They built a dam with the aim of preventing floods. |
| ⚠️ Nhấn mạnh / Làm rõ (Emphasis / Clarification) | indeed, in fact, above all, particularly, especially, clearly, undoubtedly |
This is indeed a remarkable discovery. Above all, we must protect the environment. |
| 📉 Kết luận (Conclusion / Summary) | in conclusion, to sum up, in summary, overall, on the whole, all in all | In conclusion, technology has both advantages and disadvantages. |
| ⛔ Ngoại lệ / Điều kiện (Exception / Condition) | unless, provided that, as long as, in case, otherwise |
You can go out as long as you finish your homework. Otherwise, you’ll stay home. |
| Vị trí | Ví dụ | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Đầu câu | However, the results were unexpected. | Thường theo sau bằng dấu phẩy. |
| Giữa câu | The results, however, were unexpected. | Dùng khi muốn làm mềm ý hoặc xen giữa 2 mệnh đề. |
| Cuối câu | They didn’t agree, though. | “Though” thường ở cuối câu trong văn nói. |
| Cặp từ | Khác biệt | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| However vs Nevertheless | However = nhưng, tuy nhiên (phổ biến hơn). Nevertheless = tuy vậy (trang trọng hơn). |
The weather was bad. However, we still went out. The task was difficult. Nevertheless, they succeeded. |
| In contrast vs On the contrary | In contrast = trái ngược với (so sánh 2 đối tượng). On the contrary = ngược lại (phản bác ý trước đó). |
In contrast to her sister, she is quiet. He isn’t lazy. On the contrary, he works very hard. |
| Therefore vs Consequently | Đều nghĩa là “vì thế”, nhưng Consequently trang trọng hơn, dùng trong writing formal. |
He was ill; therefore, he stayed home. The company lost profits. Consequently, many employees were laid off. |
Ví dụ đoạn văn mẫu:
Modern technology has transformed our daily lives. In addition, it has improved communication and access to information. However, excessive use of technology can lead to social isolation. Consequently, it is essential to find a balance between online and offline activities.
📘 Tổng kết:
✔ Academic Linking Devices là công cụ quan trọng giúp bài viết học thuật mạch lạc và chuyên nghiệp.
✔ Cần hiểu rõ mối quan hệ logic giữa các câu để chọn từ nối chính xác.
✔ Luyện tập sử dụng đa dạng các cụm như Consequently, In addition, Nevertheless, On the contrary giúp bạn đạt điểm cao trong phần Writing (IELTS, TOEFL, hoặc Academic Essays).
| 1 a) | 2 c) | 3 c) | 4 c) | 5 c) | 6 a) | 7 d) | 8 d) | 9 a) | 10 b) |
| 11 b) | 12 c) | 13 b) | 14 c) | 15 b) | 16 d) | 17 d) | 18 a) | 19 b) | 20 c) |
| 21 a) | 22 b) | 23 d) | 24 b) | 25 a) | 26 b) | 27 b) | 28 c) | 29 c) | 30 d) |
| 31 c) | 32 b) | 33 c) | 34 b) | 35 d) | 36 b) | 37 d) | 38 b) | 39 c) | 40 b) |
| 41 c) | 42 a) | 43 a) | 44 a) | 45 a) | 46 a) | 47 b) | 48 d) | 49 a) | 50 c) |